Tips and Tricks

Toolz functions can be combined to make functions that, while common, aren’t a part of toolz’s standard library. This section presents a few of these recipes.

  • pick(whitelist, dictionary)

    Return a subset of the provided dictionary with keys contained in the whitelist.

    from toolz import keyfilter
    
    def pick(whitelist, d):
        return keyfilter(lambda k: k in whitelist, d)
    

    Example:

    >>> alphabet = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
    >>> pick(['a', 'b'], alphabet)
    {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
    
  • omit(blacklist, dictionary)

    Return a subset of the provided dictionary with keys not contained in the blacklist.

    from toolz import keyfilter
    
    def omit(blacklist, d):
        return keyfilter(lambda k: k not in blacklist, d)
    

    Example:

    >>> alphabet = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
    >>> omit(['a', 'b'], alphabet)
    {'c': 3, 'd': 4}
    
  • compact(iterable)

    Filter an iterable on “truthy” values.

    from toolz import filter
    
    def compact(iter):
        return filter(None, iter)
    

    Example:

    >>> results = [0, 1, 2, None, 3, False]
    >>> list(compact(results))
    [1, 2, 3]
    
  • keyjoin(leftkey, leftseq, rightkey, rightseq)

    Inner join two sequences of dictionaries on specified keys, merging matches with right value precedence.

    from itertools import starmap
    from toolz import join, merge
    
    def keyjoin(leftkey, leftseq, rightkey, rightseq):
        return starmap(merge, join(leftkey, leftseq, rightkey, rightseq))
    

    Example:

    >>> people = [{'id': 0, 'name': 'Anonymous Guy', 'location': 'Unknown'},
                  {'id': 1, 'name': 'Karan', 'location': 'San Francisco'},
                  {'id': 2, 'name': 'Matthew', 'location': 'Oakland'}]
    >>> hobbies = [{'person_id': 1, 'hobby': 'Tennis'},
                   {'person_id': 1, 'hobby': 'Acting'},
                   {'person_id': 2, 'hobby': 'Biking'}]
    >>> list(keyjoin('id', people, 'person_id', hobbies))
    [{'hobby': 'Tennis',
      'id': 1,
      'location': 'San Francisco',
      'name': 'Karan',
      'person_id': 1},
     {'hobby': 'Acting',
      'id': 1,
      'location': 'San Francisco',
      'name': 'Karan',
      'person_id': 1},
     {'hobby': 'Biking',
      'id': 2,
      'location': 'Oakland',
      'name': 'Matthew',
      'person_id': 2}]
    
  • areidentical(*seqs)

    Determine if sequences are identical element-wise. This lazily evaluates the sequences and stops as soon as the result is determined.

    from toolz import diff
    
    def areidentical(*seqs):
        return not any(diff(*seqs, default=object()))
    

    Example:

    >>> areidentical([1, 2, 3], (1, 2, 3))
    True
    
    >>> areidentical([1, 2, 3], [1, 2])
    False